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Environmental Policy Post-Brexit: Reflections on the 25 Year Environment Plan

Environmental Policy Post-Brexit: Reflections on the 25 Year Environment Plan

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Executive Summary

Since the outcome of the Brexit referendum was announced in 2016, multiple environmental charities and advocacy groups have expressed the concern about how the departure from the European Union will impact environmental policy.

As the government announces plans to release a new Environment Bill, it’s important to see where the strategy’s priorities lie. Ahead of the bill the author looks at the 25 Year Environment Plan report, released by the government at the beginning of 2018, and what their future policies may include following the UK’s eventual departure from the EU.

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Parliament is playing with fire. MPs should back the Withdrawal Agreement

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In December the Government was forced to pull the meaningful vote in Parliament on its negotiated exit deal with the EU. This poses a huge risk to the UK and, with no ready alternative for avoiding the very hardest of Brexits on 29 March 2019, Brexiteers and Remain MPs alike should vote through the Withdrawal Agreement to avoid the cliff edge of ‘no deal’.

For all the turbulence of the Brexit talks between the UK and the EU, everything had run broadly according to schedule. Both sides of the negotiating table agreed a legal text for UK’s withdrawal from the bloc back in November, which the EU27 then rubber stamped at the European Council meeting shortly after. The Withdrawal Agreement stipulates the UK’s outstanding commitments (including a financial settlement), maintains citizens’ rights on both sides of the channel, and provides for an open border on the island of Ireland. Crucially, it also delivers a transition period that keeps Britain in the Single Market and Customs Union until the end of 2020.

Troublingly, with ‘Brexit day’ now less than three months away, there is no clear support for the Withdrawal Agreement in the House of Commons, as evidenced by Theresa May’s decision to postpone the planned meaningful vote until after Christmas. Nor, however, has Parliament been able to articulate a common, alternative course of action. It has not even come close.

This is mostly because MPs’ opposition to the Prime Minister’s deal comes from opposite ends of the political spectrum. The Government cannot count on its thin working majority holding up, largely because the DUP and hard-line Eurosceptics on the Conservative backbenches object to the so-called Irish backstop arrangements.

On the other side of the debate a growing number of MPs are calling for a new referendum on EU membership – or at least a public vote on the Withdrawal Agreement – with a view to halting Brexit altogether. This group was emboldened by the ECJ’s recent judgement that Article 50 can be unilaterally revoked (albeit with a number of key caveats), but there are huge barriers in their way. There is not yet a clear consensus on what question would be asked, and neither main party has backed a new vote at all. More significantly, there is obviously not enough time to organise and hold such a major national vote before 29 March. True, an extension to the Article 50 period is possible, but this requires the unanimous approval of the EU27. It is hard to see why European governments would wish to indulge further British prevarications. Difficult questions would also be raised by delaying Brexit until after the European Parliament elections in May.

If Theresa May is to break the impasse in Parliament then she may be better served looking across the political divide to disillusioned Labour MPs than to her own party behind her. The Opposition does recognise at least the need for a transition period to avoid an economic cliff edge (after all it was Labour who called for such an instrument before it became government policy).

One way of gaining the backing of pro-Remain MPs could be to drop the Political Declaration – which points the way towards a future UK-EU relationship – from the deal that is voted on. This addendum to the main Withdrawal Agreement could be removed and renegotiated later, as it relates to matters beyond the transition period and is not a binding legal text. Although this would mean going back to the EU27, their consent should be easy to get as it is their stated interest to see the UK stay closer to their Union beyond 2020.

A further possibility for the Government would be to put a series of motions before the Commons to advise on the future relationship. This could serve two purposes. Firstly, it would help guide the next phase of talks and help prevent a similar blockage at the final hurdle to the present one. Secondly, it would likely make explicit to MPs, in undeniable Parliamentary arithmetic, that no other, single option – remain, referendum, EEA membership, no deal – currently enjoys any greater support than the current offer.

Regardless of whether Theresa May opts for either of these routes, MPs have a responsibility to approve the Withdrawal Agreement as it stands. It is a fair and pragmatic deal, in that it extricates the UK from the EU whilst keeping the two closely aligned for a time-limited period. More importantly, it is the only sure way to avoid a ‘no deal’ scenario on 29 March 2019, with all the economic catastrophe that the Treasury, Bank of England, and others predict this would bring. Bravado and brinkmanship have plagued the Brexit process, and they are in danger of doing so again. MPs must vote for the Withdrawal Agreement when Parliament resumes.

John McStravick is Vice-President of Agora, and Senior Political Analyst researching Brexit for a political monitoring firm.

The privatisation of immigration detention in the UK

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The privatisation of immigration detention in the UK symbolises a policy shift from restricting movement due to nationalist concerns to extracting financial value from migrants. Today, seven of the nine Immigration Removal Centres (IRCs) in the UK are outsourced to private companies. Mitie, G4S, Serco and GEO receive Government contracts worth £243 million a year. The growing political influence of the immigration ‘security’ lobby has been accompanied by allegations of severe abuse of vulnerable detainees, cost-cutting measures and a nebulous lack of accountability.

Within the framework of the Private Finance Initiative, private companies running immigration detention centres in the UK claim that they are better equipped to deliver specialised services efficiently than the state. There has, however, been no concrete proof that privatisation is better value for money. In contrast, the privatisation of immigration detention means big business. From 2010 to 2014, outsourced contracts between the National Offender Management Service and G4S and Sercor accounted for more than 70% of NOMS’ 2.5 billion budget. Mitie, after taking over Harmondsworth and Colnbrook IRCs near Heathrow Airport in 2014, experienced an increase in annual profits from £333,000 to £2 million as it secured a Home Office (HO) contract worth £180 million over an 8-year period. Although some contracts might not be as profitable, they still provide a steady, state-backed, low-risk income. Private contractors receive on average £92 per detainee daily (£34,000 per detainee annually).

Clearly, the growing hostility of the British immigration system is influenced by the financial interests of private sector companies. Private contractors, moreover, employ 1.2 million people in austerity Britain, which only increases the political capital of the migration ‘security’ lobby. The entanglement of private companies and the public sector have made the big security firms ‘too big to fail’ as outsourcing reinforces the Government’s dependence on private corporations. This trend is increasingly worrying because the corporate endeavour to increase profit margins is accompanied by allegations of extreme violence at detention sites, cost-cutting measures, hardening penal laws and a lack of accountability.

Due to private sector interests, the bottom line of a company now is what counts in immigration detention. The strict management of detention facilities is ensured by recruiting senior staff who worked in prisons or the military before joining the ranks of private contractors like G4S, the world’s biggest security company whose portfolio includes security services in Guantánamo. To reduce running costs in labour-intensive IRCs, the number of junior staff is decreased. Serious staffing issues have been reported at Colnbrook IRC since Mitie took over a contract whose value was reduced by 30% while demanding the same service. Unsurprisingly, Mitie has been accused of aggressive cost-cutting practices.

The HO, nevertheless, continues to shed responsibility and dismiss reports of abuse. In 2008, a dossier of 300 alleged assaults at IRCs was collected by an NGO coalition but did not provoke any response from the HO. When Jimmy Mubenga was killed during his forced removal from the UK in 2010, the G4S guards were acquitted of manslaughter despite their racist messaging. Mitie’s CEO justified a large fire in Campsfield IRC in 2013 by claiming the HO had not instructed the contractor to install water sprinklers. The Global Detention Project details numerous cases of sexual assault and harassment at Yarl’s Wood IRC, which received limited attention when two Serco staff members were suspended in 2015. These reports have critics wondering whether the Government deliberately benefits from blurred lines of accountability to shed responsibility.

Despite high-profile failures of private companies, a serious investigation of privatised immigration detention seems impossible. Private companies delivering public services are exempt from the Freedom of Information Act and their Government contracts are protected from public scrutiny by ‘commercial confidentiality’. CorporateWatch questioned the integrity of the ‘self-audit’ system between private firms and the HO in 2014. Since 2013, G4S and Serco have been under investigation by the Serious Fraud Office for overcharging the Government on electronic monitoring contracts. After paying £109m and announcing a ‘corporate renewal plan’, G4S was however awarded further contracts. The Government also reached a £70.5m settlement with Serco, which has additionally been investigated by the Financial Reporting Council since 2016. Recently, Bail for Immigration Detainees initiated a judicial review to officially brand G4S a “High Risk” supplier to hold the global outsourcing company accountable.

In conclusion, treating immigration detention as a profitable business is clearly dangerous for detainees and undermines accountability. Despite severe failures of private companies, as well as numerous judicial reviews, the lack of accessible information and accountability complicate a genuine investigation of outsourced immigration detention. To improve conditions in the short term, G4S, Serco, mitie and GEO must submit to systematic, public oversight but in the long run the privatisation of immigration detention in the UK must end to enable the fundamental reform of a failing system.

Josefine Brons studies Politics and International Relations at SOAS University of London.

Points of contention in the UK’s detention policy

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The UK has the largest immigration detention system in Europe, and the numbers of persons detained in British immigration removal centres (IRCs) continues to increase. This year, events such as the hunger strike of detainees in Yarls Wood IRC in late February have captured public attention because they revealed some of the major points of contention regarding this regime today. More than a simple set of issues, these points uncover a rationale that needs to be reconsidered.

Immigration detention is a government practice where asylum seekers or other migrants are detained on grounds of needing to establish their identities, or to facilitate their claims resolution or their removal. It is administrative procedure rather than a criminal one. Border enforcement officials may detain migrants upon arrival; when being presented to an immigration officer; after an arrest or a prison sentence; and when a decision to remove the migrant has been made. However, there is a lack of information on the Home Office’s discretionary decisions on when and who to arrest and detain.

There has been a tenfold increase in the number of detainees between 1993 and 2012, and there have been approximately 3,000 migrants detained at any given time between 2009 and 2017. The 30,000 people who spend varying lengths of time in detention each year tend to be from former British colonies (South Asian countries and Sub-Saharan African countries by mid-2018). However, accurate data on detained persons is hardly available due to the complicated trajectories which could have led to a person being detained.

The most publicly criticised issue about immigration detention is the lack of a time limit. The UK has refused to institute a statutory time limit to detention and is thus the only state in the European Union without a legal detention time-limit. In 2016, around 81% of detainees were kept for two months or less. However, around 2% were in detention for 6 to 12 months, with another 1% kept for longer than a year.

Allowing for an open-ended detention period has no direct relationship with the ‘legitimate aims’ of immigration detention, which is to facilitate the processing of unclear immigration statuses or impending removal. Contrarily, this allows the government to use immigration detention for administrative convenience, and also as a means to punish and scare migrants. It causes major psychological distress; prolonged detention takes a serious emotional toll on detainees.

Yarls Wood has made the news on numerous occasions due to accusations of mistreatment and even abuse of women detainees. Women represent around 10 percent of the total population in detention and are concentrated in Yarl’s Wood. As reported by the media and a number of charities, an increasing number of women were detained despite evidence that they were victims of torture, rape and/or human trafficking. Many of these detained women were victims of gender-based violence had sought asylum on those grounds, but Home Office had violated rules by placing them in detention. Diane Abbott and Shami Chakrabarti were also disturbed by detainees’ lack of access to legal advice. Indeed, among detainees held in IRCs, just one in four were able to secure a legal aid solicitor in 2017.

The classification of detention as an administrative rather than a punitive measure has far-reaching consequences. Contrary to criminal law cases, there is no automatic judicial review of detention, which means that the Home Office, whose staff are known to be poorly trained and overworked, rather than judges, have the power to detain people. Therefore, the vast majority of detainees do not receive justice as they are entitled to and remain in uncertainty about their length of detention.

Detention is also extremely expensive. It cost the government £523.5 million between April 2013 and March 2017, with an additional £16.2 million spent on damages awarded to immigrants who were detained unlawfully in the same period. There has been much support for setting a 28-day limit to detention.

Detention has also been used almost as a prison “overflow” space. Among those detained for longer periods of time, many had some kind of criminal record and their detention periods end up being even longer than their prison sentence. This present situation is that of double punishment. In the second half of 2017, 1,671 (12%) entered through prisons, according to Home Office statistics.

In conclusion, human issues surrounding detention, as well as the financial costs have proved to be problematic, and the effectiveness of detention as a policy measure to control and patrol migration remains controversial. While major flaws are apparent, detention is far from a simple, one-root problem. It ties in to the UK’s hostile attitude towards migrants. In order to deal with the huge financial and human costs of detention, there is a need to revisit the state’s whole immigration regime, and the rationale behind it.

Elisabeth Tsouloukidse is an undergraduate student at Oxford University. Nina Khamsy is the head of Agora migration programme. Additional contributor: Jennifer Ngo holds a masters degree from SOAS University.

Where does the present state of Brexit negotiations lead?

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Despite some positive progress in negotiations in the past weeks, the Irish border remains a key obstacle to a Brexit deal. A lack of support for the Chequers Plan in both Parliament and the EU, no agreement on a trade deal, and the issue of the Irish border backstop all hinder the process of reaching a deal and may result in an extension of the negotiation period. This uncertainty over the final agreement leaves the British government with no clear direction over Brexit.

The failure of Chequer´s plan

Failure to conclude the Withdrawal Agreement by October 2018, as both the EU and UK had agreed to in the December 2017 Joint Agreement, creates uncertainty around reaching a deal by the expected time-framework. The Prime Minister’s so-called ‘soft-Brexit’ Chequers plan received little support from Parliament. Conservative MP Jacob Rees-Mogg stated that, “Theresa May’s soft Brexit agreement could be worse than a no deal”.

Disagreement amongst the MPs and with European Commission over the plan calls in to question the ability of the current government to provide a workable plan for all stakeholders. The former Brexit Secretary David Davis and Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson both resigned, calling Chequers a “suicide vest” for Britain and Conservative Party. The EU’s Chief Negotiator Michel Barnier regarded the plan as “strongly opposed” to the Union’s organisational objectives. In fact, Barnier has already proclaimed that the EU is preparing for a no-deal scenario. Moreover the European Research Group, the Democratic Unionist Party, the First Minister of Scotland, and Scottish Tory leader have all opposed the Chequers plan as they argue that the UK should remain in the Customs Union.

Irish backstop and extended negotiation period

The failure to provide a draft of withdrawal agreement by October, 2018 as both the EU and the UK agreed in the Joint Report of December 2017, creates uncertainty around reaching a deal within the expected timeframe. One of the most important issues in these negotiations is that of the Irish backstop. Significantly, the issue of the ‘backstop’ was mentioned when the UK government agreed to negotiate it in order to allow talks to progress beyond ‘phase one’ of talks. It refers to a plan to avoid a hard border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, where this cannot be achieved through a broader trade deal between the UK and EU.

The Northern Ireland backstop is an issue not referred to in either the EU’s initial negotiating guidelines or in the following directives. The European Commission has proposed that Northern Ireland remain within the Customs Union and broadly continue to apply European rules on goods and trade, to allow for frictionless access to the EU. The UK has claimed that this would create a border in the Irish Sea. The Prime Minister therefore suggested that the UK as a whole stay in the Customs Union until December 2021 at the latest, but the EU has said that a backstop will not work if it is time-limited.

President of the European Council Donald Tusk has stated that there are “no grounds of optimism” regarding the Irish border. That leaves the UK government with no clear direction and, once again, a need to create a new plan that would be supported by both the Cabinet and the European Council. Tusk said that the EU leaders would discuss the ‘no deal’ scenario and make “every effort to reach the best agreement possible for all sides”.

A foreseeable ‘no deal’ outcome

The inconclusive discussions over the Irish border and the EU’s favoured position on the Customs Union continue to hinder process on reaching a deal. A lack of support for the Prime Minister’s proposals by both the UK Parliament and the EU has led to a situation where a deal might not be reached in time. While the EU and the UK agreed on a ‘temporary’ customs arrangement, cabinet Brexiters have insisted that the UK must have the power to leave the arrangement that has been negotiated as a means of avoiding a hard border in Ireland.

‘No deal’ seems to be the plan B for Britain at this stage. Plan A is to achieve a trade agreement with the EU that allows tariff and non-tariff barrier-free access to European markets, whilst remaining autonomous in terms of laws and regulations, and avoiding a hard border between Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland. This plan A appears to be fading away, though, as EU and UK fail to agree on such a deal.

Maria Ioannou is a Campaigns Assistant at an NGO and interested in issues related to Brexit and European politics.

UK detention policy: time to change a broken system

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In the wake of Brexit, while the issue of immigration prevails in national debates, the damage of the Government’s ‘hostile environment’ policies, designed to deter illegal immigrants in the UK, are being put under increased scrutiny. The hunger strike of detainees in Yarls Wood Immigration Removal Centre in late February has captured media and public attention, while detention also came to the forefront of discussions after the Windrush scandal. The UK Immigration detention is one of the main areas of contention in the British asylum system. Why is it broken and how should it change?

While detention seems to be a convenient option for the state to manage migration, it is a costly solution. It also has damaging effects on detainees, as well as on the legitimacy of the UK’s immigration system. Every year, around 30,000 people pass through immigration removal centres (IRCs), also known as detention centres.

Cases of abuse have increasingly occupied the mediatic space with reports of charges over misconducts in places such as Brook House, an IRC near Gatwick Airport. For instance, detainees taking part in February’s hunger strike were protesting about the poor conditions in detention, but also the greater issue of the UK’s much-criticised indefinite detention. The strike started with a group of roughly 40 women, and numbers quickly swelled to over 120 by March. However, results remain to be seen. More recently, a survey has re-emphasised the urgency to tackle the deplorable situation in UK detention centres, where almost 56% of the study’s sample were either suicidal, seriously ill or victims of torture. This suggests that Home Office guidelines on detention have been breached, since such individuals are only supposed to be detained in extreme cases.

Immigration concerns are considered to be a main driving force behind the vote to leave the EU in 2016. They were a contentious and spotlighted issue during the Brexit referendum. In the following months, the government’s post-Brexit programme on migration will be watched closely by both national and international parties. This moment may also constitute an opportunity for deeper understanding and reflection on alternatives to the costly and damaging immigration detention system. As the new Immigration Bill is to be set out next year, detention will feature prominently in the framework of immigration law enforcement and related policy, and is inextricably entwined with the UK’s border and immigration regime and rationale.

As the largest immigration detention estate in Europe, the UK is also the only European country where indefinite detention is declared legal. However, as expressed by Shaw’s report to the Home Office, there is still too little known and little understood on the political, media and public understanding of institutions and processes linked to the immigration detention. In this regard, “public policy is not assisted when there is so little informed interest and debate”, according to Shaw.

To fill these gaps, Agora’s Migration Programme has undertaken an investigation to shed light on different aspects of UK detention policy. This is our series entitled: ‘UK detention policy: time to change a broken system’.

Our series starts with an overview of the UK’s detention policy and an outline of the major points of contention regarding this piece of government policy, which not only include its financial cost, but also the lack of detention time limit and claims of mistreatment. Our second blog article sheds light on the privatisation of immigration detention in the UK, and explores why outsourcing the immigration detention system makes accountability impossible. Our third article looks at the legal challenge of the immigration detention. It is followed by a blog on the media representation of detention centres in the UK. Our following blog article provides an overview of UK’s detention policies in comparison with EU countries. Our final article, for now, resumes the recommendations and sketches lines of future policies.

Jennifer Ngo holds a Masters degree from SOAS University and is a contributor to the Agora Migration programme. Nina Khamsy is the head of the Migration programme at Agora.